Osseointegration is dependent on implant surface characteristics, including surface chemistry and topography. The presence of\r\nnanosized calcium phosphates on the implant surface is interesting to investigate since they affect both the nanotopography and\r\nsurface chemistry, forming a bone mineral resembling surface. In this work, the osseointegration of titanium implants with and\r\nwithout the presence of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals has been evaluated in vivo.The integration was examined using removal\r\ntorque measurements and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The study was performed using two healing\r\ntime points, 3 and 12 weeks. The results showed that the torque needed to remove the implants was insignificant between the nonand\r\nHA-coated implants, both at weeks 3 and 12. The RT-PCR, however, showed significant differences for osteoblast, osteoclast,\r\nand proinflammation markers when HA nanocrystals were present.
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